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A device can undergo data sanitization in one of three main ways:
Physical destruction: This involves shredding hard drives, mobile devices and other forms of storage media into tiny pieces. Another type of physical destruction for data sanitization involves a degausser, a tool that exposes data to a powerful magnetic field and neutralizes the data on a hard drive and prevents is from being recoverable.
Cryptographic destruction: Storage devices that utilize encryption software to protect the data contained on them can be sanitized by erasing the 128-bit (or higher) encryption key used to decrypt the data. While the data remain on the device, cryptographic destruction is considered an approved method of data sanitization since it renders the data unrecoverable and can be verified.
Data destruction: Data destruction, or data erasure, utilizes software tools to securely overwrite data on a storage device. In order to ensure data sanitization, an approved standard for the company's industry or organization must be used for data erasure, and the process must be documented and verified.